نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد معماری دانشگاه زابل
2 گروه تاریخ و باستان شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان
3 دانشیار گروه معماری دانشگاه زابل
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Windmills and watermills in Darmiyan County constitute some of the most significant traditional structures in eastern Iran. Their emergence and continued use resulted from the long-term adaptation of local communities to natural resources and climatic conditions. This study aims to identify, document, and analyze the spatial and architectural characteristics of these structures and to elucidate their settlement patterns, morphological diversity, and relationship with the surrounding environment. The principal research questions concern the following issues: What are the architectural characteristics, typological features, construction materials, and physical elements of the windmills and watermills, and what similarities and differences exist between them? How is their spatial distribution related to the geographical conditions of the region, including prevailing winds, elevation, topography, and water resources? The research employs a descriptive-analytical and comparative methodology. Data were collected through fieldwork and documentary studies, supplemented by the preparation of a distribution map of the archaeological and architectural remains using GIS software and the three-dimensional reconstruction of selected representative examples. The findings indicate that most windmills are oriented along a north–south axis in accordance with the prevailing 120-day winds and are relatively uniform in terms of their physical configuration. Their architectural structure, characterized by a single wind inlet, also differs to some extent from other examples in eastern Iran, and most of these structures date to the later centuries of the Islamic period. In contrast, watermills do not exhibit a specific geographical orientation in their construction and are predominantly located in foothill areas and adjacent to qanats and surface-water sources. These structures display considerable morphological diversity, ranging from single- and multi-room structures to two-story and rock-cut forms, demonstrating the high degree of adaptability of this architectural tradition to changing climatic conditions and the subsistence requirements of the region. The study concludes that the windmills and watermills of Darmiyan County, beyond their historical role in the local economy, represent a remarkable example of the integration of indigenous knowledge, traditional engineering, and the intelligent utilization of natural energy sources. Particularly owing to their architectural diversity and extensive spatial distribution, these structures possess considerable potential to become an important center of the region’s industrial heritage.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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