بررسی و مقایسه تطبیقی ویژگیهای معماری نیایشگاههای هخامنشی تا ساسانی (مطالعه موردی: دهانه غلامان و کوه خواجه در سیستان)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مطالعات معماری ایران، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

2 استادیار دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران.

3 استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

چکیده

پرستش خدایگان مختلف در بین ایرانیان باستان همواره رواج داشته ‌است؛ از این میان می‌توان به الهه آب و آتش اشاره کرد که به سبب تقدس و احترام بیشتر نسبت به دیگر خدایگان مورد توجه بیشتری قرارگرفته‌اند. محل پرستش در بین مردمان ایران باستان، ابتدا در فضایی باز، روی بلندی‌ها و در جوار رودخانه‌ها صورت‌ می‌گرفته‌ است؛ بعد‌ها بنا به سبک نیایش مردمان باستان، نیایشگاه‌هایی در سراسر ایران مختص پرستش این خدایگان ساخته ‌شده ‌است که از آن بناها می-توان به معابد و آتشکده‌ها اشاره ‌کرد. این نیایشگاه‌ها با وجود داشتن پیشینه‌ای غنی در شرق ایران مورد مطالعات کمتری قرارگرفته و به سبب این کم‌توجهی در معرض تخریب قرار گرفته‌ است. پژوهش حاضر به مطالعه و بررسی دو نمونه از این نیایشگاه‌ها در شرق ایران، در منطقه سیستان پرداخته‌ است. نیایشگاه‌های ساختمان شماره 3 دهانه غلامان و کوه‌خواجه در سیستان از نیایشگاه‌های منحصربه‌فرد و دارای اهمیت ویژه‌ای هستند. هدف این مقاله مقایسه تطبیقی معماری این دو نیایشگاه مربوط به دوره‌های هخامنشی و اشکانی - ساسانی و آگاهی از ویژگی‌ها، تفاوت‌ها و شباهت‌ها آن دو است. این پژوهش با روش تفسیری- تاریخی و رویکرد توصیفی – تحلیلی انجام شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که این دو نیایشگاه‌ با داشتن ویژگی‌های معماری منحصربه‌فرد دارای شباهت‌هایی از نظر درون‌گرا بودن پلان‌ها، سازگاری با اقلیم، وجود محراب آتش و حضور عنصر آب در داخل و خارج بناها بوده و نیز تفاوت‌هایی در موقعیت قرارگیری حیاط مرکزی، نوع پوشش سقف، وجود یا عدم وجود صفه و منفرد بودن یا در مجموعه‌ای از یک بنا قرارگرفتن دارند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

A comparative study of the architectural features of shrines from the Achaemenid era to the Sassanid era: A case study of Dahaneh-e Gholaman and Kooh-e-Khajeh in Sistan region

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahra Sarabandi 1
  • Jamshid Davtalab 2
  • Abolfazl Heidari 3
  • Naghi Ebrahemian Kordedeh 1
1 Master student of Iranian Architectural Studies, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
2 Department of Architecture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Worshipping different deities was a very common practice among the ancient Iranians. The deities of water and fire often received more attention and respect from worshippers because of being deemed more divine. The ancient Iranians initially worshipped and prayed to their gods in open spaces, on natural heights and near rivers. Later, shrines specifically devoted to these deities, such as altars and fire temples, were built all over Iran based on the worship style of these ancient people. Despite having a rich history in the east of Iran, these shrines have received little scholarly attention and are at the risk of destruction because of exposure to the elements and prolonged inattention. Two shrines located in Sistan in the eastern section of Iran were studied in this research. These shrines, one located inside building no. 3 in Dahaneh-e Gholaman and the other on Kooh-e-Khajeh, are considered unique and highly significant. This study compares the architecture of these shrines which belong to the Achaemenid and Parthian-Sassanid periods with the aim of specifying the differences and similarities between the two. The methodology of this research is interpretive-historical with a descriptive approach. The findings point to a number of similar architectural features such as the introvert design, compatibility with the region’s climate, and the presence of the fire and water elements inside and outside the structures. The differences include the position of the central courtyard, the type of roof, the presence of platforms or lack thereof and the structure being singular or belonging to a set.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • worship
  • Architecture
  • Sistan
  • Dahaneh-e Gholaman
  • Kooh-e-Khajeh
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