نورکاهی در معماری دوران صفوی نمونه های موردی: خانه ها، عمارت ها و مساجد شهر اصفهان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، ایران

2 دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران

چکیده

چکیده

در دوگانه ی تاریکی-روشنایی، سهم تاریکی، بویژه در منابع مکتوب، عمدتا مورد کم توجهی قرار گرفته است، درحالیکه در وادی عمل، بویژه در معماری پیشینیان، حضور تاریکی در بسیاری از فضاها مغتنم بوده است. در برخی از موارد، این حضور فراخور شرایط اقلیمی و در جهت تامین آسایش فیزیکی و در برخی دیگر برای تامین آسایش روانی تدبیر شده است. این پژوهش اساسا در پی یافتن پاسخ این پرسش است که چه کاربری هایی از نورکاهی تعمدی، برای تطابق فضاها با شرایط روحی کاربران، بهره بیشتری برده اند؟ در این پژوهش ضمن استفاده از روش توصیفی تحلیلی مبتنی بر داده های کتابخانه ای و میدانی، از شبیه سازی کامپیوتری جهت معرفی نحوه مدیریت نور استفاده شده است. هدف پژوهش حاضر، توجه به برخی کارایی های نورکاهی، رمزگشایی از دانش نورشناسی معماران، پایش تمهید نورزدایی، برای آفرینش فضاهای مناسب و همسو با کاربری، در معماری ایرانی-اسلامی است. برای بررسی، 10 بنا از میان سه شکل از کاربری، شامل مسجد، کاخ-عمارت و خانه، متعلق به دوران صفوی در شهر اصفهان که بر اساس نیاز های افراد در اجتماعات دینی، امور حکومتی و معیشتی ساخته شده اند، انتخاب و فرم کلی آنها، موقعیت و تناسبات بازشوها با استفاده از نرم افزار راینو مدل سازی گردید. میزان روشنایی آن‌ها توسط افزونه‌ دیوا با موتور محاسباتی دیسیم، در انقلاب تابستانی و زمستانی شبیه سازی و میانگین روشنایی در ساعت 12ظهر بر حسب لوکس استخراج و بر اساس کاربری بناها دسته بندی گردید. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد خانه‌ها در انقلاب زمستانه از روشنایی کمتری نسبت به عمارت ها و کاخ‌ها در همین زمان بهره می‌برند، در حالی که در انقلاب تابستانه دو گونه در بازه نزدیک به هم قرار دارند. فضاهای اصلی در مساجد در مقایسه با عمارت ها، کاخ‌ها و همچنین خانه‌ها از روشنایی کمتری در طول سال برخوردارند و بهره‌مندی از نور کم فروغ در این‌شکل از کاربری، تعمدی، هوشمندانه و طراحی شده است و برای افزایش غنای کیفی فضا و همگامی بیشتر با حالات و مطالبات روحی مخاطب صورت پذیرفته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Dimming Light in Safavid Era Architecture Case Examples: Houses, Mansions and Mosques in Isfahan

نویسندگان [English]

  • Massud Wahdattalab 1
  • Anahita Khodadad 2
1 Associate professor of faculty of architecture, Tabriz Islamic Art University
2 Faculty of architecture and urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran
چکیده [English]

Abstract

In the duality of darkness and light, the contribution of darkness, especially in literary sources, has been largely overlooked, while in practice, especially in the architecture of the ancients, the presence of darkness in many spaces has been prevalent in many spaces. In some cases, this presence has been devised to meet the climatic conditions and in order to provide physical comfort, and in others to provide psychological comfort. This research basically seeks to find the answer to the question: Which uses of deliberate dimming of light have been used more to match the spaces with the mental conditions of the users? In this research, while using the analytical descriptive method based on library and field data, computer simulation technique has been used to elaborate on how light can be managed. The aim of the present study is to pay attention to some uses of light dimming, to decipher the lighting knowledge of architects, and to monitor the light reduction measures for the creation of suitable spaces in line with usage in Iranian-Islamic architecture. In order to review, 10 buildings from three forms of use, including mosque, palace-building and house, belonging to the Safavid era in Isfahan city, which were built based on the needs of people in religious communities, government and livelihood affairs, were selected and the general form, the position and the proportions of the openings were modeled using Rhino software. Their illuminance was simulated by Diva plug-in with Daysim computing engine in summer and winter solstice and the average illuminance was extracted in terms of lux and then classified according to the use and application of buildings. The findings show that houses in winter solstice have less light than mansions and palaces, whereas the two types are in close proximity in the summer solstice. Compared to mansions, palaces and houses, the main spaces in mosques have less light throughout the year, and the use of dim light in this form of use is deliberate, intelligent and is designed to increase the qualitative richness of the space and synchronization with the mood and spiritual-emotional demands of the users.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Light
  • Darkness
  • Dim Light
  • Safavid Era Architecture
  • Isfahan
-Alborzi, Fariba; Farah Habib and Iraj Etisam. (2018). Research on light and its examples in Iranian architecture: an approach to meaning in architecture. Iranian Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, Volume 10, Number 17, Spring and Summer. pp. 111-95. [In persian]
-Ando, ​​Tadao. (2016), Poetry of space. Translated by Mohammad Reza Shirazi. Tehran: Ketab Fekrno Publishing House. [In persian]
-Ardalan, Nader and Laleh Bakhtiar. (2011). A sense of unity, the role of tradition in Iranian architecture. Translated by Vandad Jalili. Tehran: Elm_e_ mimar. [In persian]
-Arjomandnia, Ali, Gholamali Afrooz, Tayebbe Tariki, Sogand Ghasemzade. (2015). Investigating the effectiveness of working in the dark room to increase the attention span of mentally retarded students, psychological methods and models, sixth year, number 19, pp. 47-59. [In persian]
-Bemanian, Mohammad Reza and Aali Nasab, Mohammad Ali. (2011). Examining the role of light in explaining the sequence of the architectural space of mosques, a case example: Sheikh Lotf Mosque..., Art Research, second year, number 4, pp. 71-82. [In persian]
-Bolkhari Qahi, Hassan. (2005), Mystical foundations of Islamic art and architecture, Tehran: Soureyeh Mehr, 1. [In persian]
-Farshidvard, Khosrow. (1966). Similes and poetic interpretations about night and darkness. Teherat: Vahid Publications, pp. 768-775. [In persian]
-Haji Ghasemi, kambiz. (2010). Ganjnameh, houses of Isfahan (fourth volume). Tehran: Documentation and Research Center, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University. [In persian]
-Haji Ghasemi, kambiz. (2010). Ganjnameh, palaces and gardens (19th office). Tehran: Documentation and Research Center, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University. [In persian]
-Haji Ghasemi, kambiz. (2015). Ganjnameh, mosques of Isfahan (second office). Tehran: Documentation and Research Center, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University. [In persian]
-Homani Rad, Marzieh; Tahbaz, Mansoura and Pourmand, Hassan Ali. (2016). Pattern of natural lighting in domes of historic mosques in Isfahan, Islamic Architecture Research, No. 16, pp. 66-83. [In persian]
-Jehandideh, Kianoosh and Dehghanpour, Hamid. (1389). Aesthetics of Shading in Film-Noir, Fine Arts, Volume 17, Number 2, pp. 35-52. [In persian]
Kayani, Mohsen. (2010). The history of the monastery in Iran. Tehran: Tahori Publications. [In persian]
-Manav, B. (2007).  An Experimental Study on the Appraisal of Visual Environment at Office in Relation to Color Temperature and Illuminance. Building and Environment.42 (2), 979-983.
-Miwa, Y. & Hanyu, K. (2006). The effects of interior design on communicational and impressions of a counselor and counseling room. Environment and Behavior, 38 (4), 484-502.
-Mohammadyarzadeh, Sajjad and Yaghmai, Sepideh. (2005). Reinterpreting the metaphor of brevity of light in the architectural body of Iranian mosques. Papers of the first conference on art and elements of nature (water, soil, air, fire). Tehran: Farhang Publications. [In persian]
-Moradi Nasab, Hossein; Bamanian, Mohammad Reza and Etisam, Iraj (2016). Recognizing the influence of mystical thought in the phenomenon of blue color in the tiling of Iranian mosques. Journal of Islamic Architecture Research; 5 (1), 32-47. [In persian]
-Nabil & Mardaljevic. (2005). Useful Daylight Illuminate: A New Paradigm for Assessing, Daylighting in Building”, in Lighting Research and Technology, Vol.37, No.1, pp.41-59.
-Najafzadeh, Mahdi; Filekesh, Maryam and Joanmard, Sahar. (2012). The evolution of the concept of night in Persian poetry, from a mystical symbol to a political metaphor (as a native symbol). Persian Language and Literature Research, No. 30, pp. 121-95. [In persian]
-Necipoğlu, Gülru. (2010). Geometry and decoration in Islamic architecture. Translated by Mehrdad Qayyumi Bidhandi. Tehran: Rozeneh Publications. [In persian]
-Pallasmaa Juhani. (2013). Eyes of the skin: architecture and sensory perceptions. Translated by Ramin Quds. Tehran: Parham Naqhsh. [In persian]
-Panahiazar, S and M.Matkan. (2018). Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Natural Light in the Dome of San Lorenzo, Turin”, in Frontiers of Architectural Research, 7, pp.25-36.
-Pirnia, Mohammad Karim. (2008). Iranian architectural stylistics. Edited by Gholamhossein Memarian, Tehran: Soroush Danesh Publishing. [In persian]
-Pourahmad, Mahboubeh; Mohammad Ali Khanmohammadi and Mozaffar, Farhang. (2019). Analytical investigation of the effect of the physical parameters of the shell in creating the visual comfort of traditional houses in the hot and dry climate of Iran (case example: five-door rooms in traditional houses of Yazd, Andisheh Memari, year 4, number 8, pp. 135-153. [In persian]
-Pourmand, Hassan Ali; Humani Rad, Marzieh and Tahbaz, Mansoura. (2017). Exploring the ratio of skylights and daylight in the architecture of historical and contemporary mosque domes, Safa, No. 82, pp. 70-90. [In persian]
-Qayyumi Bidhendi, Mehrdad and Sina Soltani. (2013). Lost Architecture: Khanqah in Khorasan in the 5th century, Iranian Architectural Studies, No. 6, pp. 65-84. [In persian]
-Rahimi Mehr, Vahidah. (2022). Explaining the relationship between space lighting and the mood of housewives: a preliminary study in the hot and dry climate of Kerman. Architecture of hot and dry climate, pp. 197-210. [In persian]
-Shafiei, Ismail and Jalil Khalil azar. (2011). Examining the ratio of light, shadow and darkness with theater before and after Adolf Appiah. Journal of fine arts-performing arts and music. Volume 2, No. 41, pp. 33-42. [In persian]
-Steidle, A and Werth, l. (2013). Freedom From Constraints: Darkness and Dim Illumination Promote Creativity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 35, pp.67-80.
-Tahbaz, Mansoura; Jalilian, Shahrabano, Mousavi, Fatemeh and Kazemzadeh, Marzieh. (1400). Natural lighting in the traditional houses of Kashan, a case example: the Ameri house. Iranian architectural studies, volume 2, number 4, pp. 87-108. [In persian]
-Tanizaki, J. )1977). In Praise of Shadows. New Haven, Conn: Leete's Island Books.
Vakilzadeh, Golare. (2012). Melatonin and neurological diseases. Sealing healing. First year, second issue, pp. 51-55. [In persian]